GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper)
A naturally occurring copper peptide complex found in human plasma, studied extensively for its role in tissue remodelling, gene expression, and collagen synthesis research.
Overview
GHK-Cu is a tripeptide (Glycine-Histidine-Lysine) with a strong affinity for copper(II) ions. It was first identified in human plasma by Dr. Loren Pickart in 1973, who observed that plasma from younger individuals promoted liver cell growth more effectively than plasma from older individuals, and isolated GHK as the responsible factor.
Since its discovery, GHK-Cu has been the subject of over 150 published studies. It is present in human plasma at approximately 200 ng/mL in young adults, with levels declining significantly with age. This natural decline has made it a subject of interest in ageing research.
Molecular Profile
Mechanism of Action
GHK-Cu's biological activity is multifaceted, operating through several distinct pathways:
- Gene expression modulation: A Broad Institute Connectivity Map analysis found that GHK affects the expression of approximately 4,000 human genes, including upregulation of collagen, decorin, and other extracellular matrix components (Pickart et al., 2012).
- Collagen and elastin synthesis: Research has demonstrated increased production of collagen types I and III, as well as elastin, in fibroblast cultures treated with GHK-Cu (Maquart et al., 1988).
- Metalloproteinase regulation: GHK-Cu has been shown to both stimulate and inhibit specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contributing to controlled tissue remodelling rather than unregulated degradation (Pickart, 2008).
- Anti-inflammatory signalling:Studies have observed suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TGF-β and TNF-α in models treated with GHK-Cu, while simultaneously promoting constructive tissue remodelling (Pickart et al., 2015).
Key Published Research
GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration
Pickart L, et al. BioMed Research International. 2015; 2015:648108
Comprehensive review of GHK-Cu's effects on gene expression, collagen remodelling, and its role in skin biology research.
Stimulation of skin cells by the tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu
Maquart FX, et al. Archives of Dermatological Research. 1988; 280:S56-58
Early study demonstrating GHK-Cu's effects on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in cell culture models.
The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging
Pickart L, et al. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012; 2012:324832
Review examining GHK-Cu's antioxidant properties and its potential role in age-related research, including Connectivity Map gene expression analysis.
Storage and Handling
Lyophilised (unreconstituted):Store at -20°C for long-term stability. Stable at 2-8°C for up to 3 months. Protect from light and moisture.
Reconstituted:Store at 2-8°C. Use within 30 days. Note: GHK-Cu solutions may appear blue due to the copper ion, which is normal.
Recommended solvent: Sterile water for laboratory use. The copper complex is water-soluble.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between GHK and GHK-Cu?
GHK is the free tripeptide (Glycine-Histidine-Lysine). GHK-Cu is the same peptide complexed with a copper(II) ion. The copper complex is the biologically active form found naturally in human plasma.
Why does GHK-Cu appear blue in solution?
The blue colour is characteristic of copper(II) complexes in aqueous solution. It confirms the presence of the copper ion and is a normal property of the compound.
How many genes does GHK-Cu affect?
According to a Broad Institute Connectivity Map analysis, GHK-Cu influences the expression of approximately 4,000 human genes, with notable effects on genes involved in collagen production, antioxidant defence, and tissue remodelling.
Disclaimer: This information is compiled from published peer-reviewed literature and is provided for educational and research reference purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice. GHK-Cu sold by Enhanced Research Compounds is intended exclusively for in-vitro research and laboratory use. It is not a therapeutic good, is not listed on the ARTG, and is not approved for human or animal consumption.