Semax is a synthetic neuroprotective and nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) peptide that is an analog of a fragment of the naturally occurring adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It is a prescription medication in Russia and other Eastern European countries for various neurological conditions, but it is unapproved for clinical use in most other countries, including the United States, where it is sold for research purposes only. 

Key Characteristics and Uses

• Composition: Semax is a heptapeptide (seven amino acids long) with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It's a modified version of the ACTH(4-10) fragment, with a Pro-Gly-Pro sequence added to increase its stability and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.

• Administration: It is typically administered intranasally as a nasal spray, as it has poor oral bioavailability.

• Mechanism of Action: While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, Semax appears to work through several pathways:

  • Upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are crucial for the growth, survival, and repair of neurons.

  • Modulation of the dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems, which affects mood, motivation, and mental drive.

  • Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, protecting neurons from damage.

  • Improving cerebral blood flow and oxygen utilization in the brain.

• Approved Clinical Uses (Russia/Eastern Europe):

  • Treatment and recovery from ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury.

  • Management of cognitive disorders, such as memory and attention deficits.

  • Treatment of optic nerve diseases.

• Potential & Experimental Uses (Global): Semax is popular in the "nootropic" or "biohacking" community for purported off-label benefits:

  • Enhanced focus, attention, and mental clarity.

  • Improved memory and learning capacity.

  • Increased resilience to stress and improved mood.

  • Potential therapeutic agent for conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and ADHD, although more human research is needed in these areas. 

Safety and Legal Status

• Safety: Semax has a generally high safety profile with minimal side effects reported, which are typically mild, such as temporary nasal irritation. It does not appear to cause tolerance or withdrawal.

• Legal Status (US/EU): Semax is not approved by the FDA or the EMA and is sold strictly for research purposes only. Its use as a drug or dietary supplement in these regions is not legal. Anyone considering its use should consult with a healthcare professional to discuss potential benefits and risks.